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Chlorophyll
STUDY OF CHLOROPHYLL
Effect of dietary chlorophyll derivatives on mutagenesis and tumor cell growth
Chernomorsky S, Segelman A, Poretz RD. (1999). Teratog Carcinog Mutagen.19(5):313-22
Much attention in recent years has been given to the antigenotoxicity of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll, however, is known to be converted into pheophytin, pyropheophytin, and pheophorbide in processed vegetable food and following ingestion by humans. Studies were conducted on the antimutagenic and tumoricidal potencies of these compounds. All the chlorophyll derivatives tested exhibit identical antimutagenic effect towards 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), suggesting that the porphyrin nucleus may complex directly with the mutagen. It does not exclude, however, another mechanism of activity involving inactivation the enzymatic transformation of 3-MC. In contrast, the action of N'-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) depends upon structural differences between the chlorophyll derivatives. It is significantly lower when the phytol-containing pheophytin and pyropheophytin are tested as to that of the phytol-lacking pheophorbide. The higher concentrations of the chlorophyll derivatives were required to reduce the mutagenicity of MNNG than needed for 3-MC. The cytotoxicity of chlorophyll derivatives against tumor cells also was evaluated. The cellular uptake and inhibition of myeloma cell multiplicity were found to be greater for pheophorbide than for pheophytin. Calculated on the amount of cell associated chlorophyll derivative, however, pheophytin was more cytostatic/cytotoxic than pheophorbide. The results presented in this report indicate that food sources that yield chlorophyll derivatives may play a significant role in cancer prevention.
ABOUT CHLOROPHYLL AND ALGAE
Aphanizomenon flos aquae (AFA) is very high in chlorophyll. Cancer research has shown chlorophyll to be a very powerful therapeutic for cancer, chemo-prevention and chemo-therapeutics. Klamath blue green algae, Aphanizomenon flos-aqua (AFA), is a cyanobacteria that contains approximately 600mg/100g of chlorophyll. The chlorophyll in AFA is free in the cytoplasm, not bound to the chloroplast, making Klamath blue green algae high in chlorophyll that is readily available to metabolize.
The change of a cell from a normal to cancerous cell can be caused by a simple point mutation in the DNA sequence. Each of the 3-billion nucleotide combinations in the human genome can experience mutation. The types of mutations (frameshifts, translocations, inversions, deletions or insertional activations) and the location of mutations in the chromosomes have been determined to be key in the onset and progression of cancer.
Research has identified 98 genes that are oncogenes, cancer genes or tumor suppressor genes. When mutations of these 98 genes occur, the stage is set for the onset of cancer to begin. For example, the OMIM database sponsored by the NIH (P53, record #19170) registers 120 research articles that discuss the P53 gene and its role in an array of human cancers. Research is now being done on the ability of chlorophyll to play a key role in the cell's ability to repair this damage (18, and currently unpublished work). The ability of chlorophyll to conduct gene splicing on DNA molecules with wrong gene sequencing is being discovered. The research implies that chlorophyll may reduce the error formation in DNA , utilizing an error-prone repair system on damaged DNA .
Many contributing factors create different cellular mutations that have caused cancer. Tumor initiation, promotion and enhancement are responsible for increased expression of cancer and can be caused or enabled by:
* Genetic predisposition and gender
* Dietary and environmental exposures to carcinogens
* Genetic alterations from overexposure to certain frequencies in the electro magnetic spectrum (radioactive exposure, x-rays, gamma rays or ultraviolet light).
* Attacks on the genetic structure by viruses (like Epstein-Barr)
Chlorophyll can assist with the effects of dietary and environmental exposure to carcinogens. Research indicates that chlorophyll reduces carcinogen binding to DNA in the target organ by inhibition of carcinogen activation enzyme or degradation of ultimate carcinogens with the target cells (2, 3, 5, 17). Inhibiting the activity of the enzyme that attacks the DNA sequence, significantly reduces the incidence of mutagenicity and reduces the onset of cancer. This research shows noncompetitive inhibition of carcinogenic enzymes by chlorophyll. Dietary inhibitors of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis are of interest because they may be used for human cancer prevention and treatment. Chlorophyll has demonstrated to be a carcinogenesis inhibitor in the gut (2,3,5). There is research that shows there is sufficient systemic chlorophyll distribution for these inhibitory mechanisms to be operative beyond the gut and in the whole animal. This study analyzed chemo protection in benzo(a)pyrene-initiated mouse skin tumorigenesis (11). Oral administration of chlorophyll has been studied for the last 50 years. All of the research conducted by Dr. Bailey at OSU point to the necessity of high levels of oral ingestion of chlorophyll for the chemo-therapeutic effects of chlorophyll to be effective (2,3,5). A belief is that by increasing the purity of the oral therapeutic by the order of 3X by utilizing pure chlorophyll, the required dosage needed to be effective will be reduced.
Another important property of chlorophyll is its potential to reduce metastasis. Chlorophyll has been shown to take an active part in controlling the enzymes that are involved in mitosis. By controlling this rapid cell division chemically, the rapid onset of tumors can be reduced significantly, potentially giving the cell the ability to repair itself (8, 10, 13, 14). In addition to being locally efficacious, this reduces the chances of tumor cells being transferred to other parts of the body.
For many years cancer patients have resisted conventional chemotherapy and have experienced successful remissions of various cancers by ingesting large amounts of freshly juiced wheat grass and or algae. It is our belief that the chlorophyll is being metabolized stopping tumor growth and assisting in cellular repair of the DNA, in these self-treatment regimes. We have many testimonials of people who have utilized Klamath blue green algae in this self-treatment regime.
References:
1. Baxter, J.H., Absorption of chlorophyll phytol in normal men and in patients with Refsum's disease, J. Lipid Res, 9, 636-641
2. Breinholt, V., Hendricks, J., Pereira, C, Arbogast, D., and Bailey, G., 1995, Dietary Chlorophyllin is a Potent inhibitor of Aflatoxin B Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rainbow Trout, J. Cancer Research, 55, 57-62
3. Breinholt, V., Schimerlik, M., Dashwood, R., and Bailey, G., 1995, Mechanisms of Chlorophyllin Anticarcinogenesis against Aflatoxin B: Complex Formation with the Carcinogen, Chem. Res. Toxicol., Vol. 8, No 4
4. Dashwood, R.H., 1992, Protection by chlorophyllin against the covalent binding of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo {4,5-f}quinoline (IQ) to rat liver DNA, Carcinogenesis, 13, 112-118
5. Dashwood, R.H., Breinholt, V., and Bailey, G.S., 1991, Chemo preventative properties of chlorophyllin: inhibition of aflatoxin-B- DNA binding in vivo and antimutagenic activity against AFB and two heterocyclic amines in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay, Carcinogenesis, 12, 939-942
6. Ghosh, A., Sen, S., Sharma, A., and Talukder, G., 1991, Inhibitions of clastogenic effects of cesium chloride in mice in vivo by chloropyllin, Toxicol. Lett., 57, 17-Nov
7. Ghosh, A., Sen., S., Sharma, A. and Takukder, G., 1991, Effect of chlorophyllin mercury chloride induced clastogenicity in mice, Food Chem. Toxicol., 29, 777-779
8. Imai, K., Aimoto, T., Sato, M., Watanabe, K., Kimura, R., and Murato, T., 1986, Effects of sodium metallochlorophyllins on the activity and components of the microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme system in rat liver, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 34, 4287-4293
9. Lahitova, M., Doupovcova, J., Zvonar, J., Chandoga, J., and Hogman, G., 1994, Antimutagenic Properties of Fresh-Water Blue-Green Algae, Follia Microbiol., 39(4), 301-303
10. Oda, T., Yokono, O., Yosida, A., Miyake, K. and Iino, S., 1971, On the successful treatment of pancreatitis, Gastroenterol , Japan , 6, 49-54
11. Park, K.K., Surh, Y-J., Stewart, B.C., and Miller, J.A., 1994, Chemoprotective activities of chlorophyllin: Inhibition of mutagenicity and covalent binding of various ultimate carcinogens, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 35, 139
12. Robbins, E.W., and Nelson, R.L., 1989, Inhibition of 1,2 dimethylhydrazine-induced nuclear damage in rat colonic epithelium by chlorophyllin, Anticancer Res., 9, 981-986
13. Sato, M., Konagai, K., Kuwana, T., Kimura, R., and Murata, T., 1984, Effects of sodium copper chlorophyllin on lipid peroxidation VII. Effects of its administration on the stability of rat liver lysosomes., Chem. Pharm. Bull, 32, 2855-2858
14. Sato, M., Imai, K., Kimura, R., and Murata, T., 1984, Effect of sodium copper chlorophyllin on lipid peroxidation. VI Effects of it's administration on mitochondrial and microsomal lipid peroxidation in rat liver, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 32, 712-722
15. Schwartz, J., Shklar, G., Reid, S. and Trickler, D., 1988, Preventionof Experimental Oral cancer by Extracts of Spriulina-Dunaliella Algae, Nutrition and Cancer, 127-134
16. Shklar, G. and Schwartz, J., 1988, Tumor Necrosis Factor in Experimental Cancer Regression with Alphatocopherol, Beta- Carotene, Canthaxanthin and Algae Extract, J. Cancer Clinical Oncol, 24 (5), 839-850
17. Tachino, N., Guo, D., Dashwood, W.M. Yamane, S., Larsen, R., and Dashwood, R.H., 1994, Mechanisms in the in vitro antimutagenic action of chlorophyllin against benzo{a}pyrene: Studies of enzyme inhibition, molecular complex formation and degradation of the utlimate carcinogen, Mutat. Res., 308, 191-302
18. Whong, W., Stewart, J., Brockman, H.E., and Ong T., 1988, Comparative antimutagenicity of chlorophyllin and five other agents against aflatoxin B induce reversion in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, Teratog., Carcinog. Mutagen, 8, 215-224
19. Wu, A.L., Chen, J.F., Ong.T., Brockman, H.E. and Whong, W.A., 1994, Antitransforming activity of chlorophyllin against selected carcinogens and complex mixtures, Teratog., Carcinog. Mutagen, 14, 75-81
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